Effect of Heating Rate on the Pathway for Vesicle Formation in Salt-Free Aqueous Solutions of Thermosensitive Cationic Diblock Copolymers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers composed of a thermo-responsive poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PIPOZ) block ( M n = 7000 g/mol) linked to a poly(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride) (PAMPTMA) block ( M n = 3500 or 8200 g/mol) were prepared by cationic ring-opening polymerization (PIPOZ block) and subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization (PAMPTMA block). Salt-free dilute aqueous solutions of the diblock copolymers underwent a reversible phase transition upon heating past 40 °C that led to the formation of vesicles, as established by light scattering (LS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of solutions heated to 60 °C. The pathway toward vesicles varied depending on the heating rate. A slow heating rate (0.2 °C/min) led to the formation of small spheres as the temperature reached 40 °C; the spheres grew in size as the temperature increased and eventually converted into vesicles by diffusion of some hydrophilic charged blocks toward the center. Upon application of a fast heating rate (0.7 °C/min or faster), the copolymers formed rod-like and/or worm-like micelles at 40 °C and, at higher temperature, oblate membranes that closed up into vesicles. The kinetic control of the pathway toward vesicles may be attributed to the existence of several metastable states in the system, by analogy with studies of the isothermal self-assembly of diblock copolymers in selective solvents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".