Hydraulic and Hydrological Regime of Ice-Affected Channels at Freezeup
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measuring the channel discharge of an ice-affected channel is imperative for socio-economic and ecological reasons. Under open water conditions, the channel discharge can be easily obtained using a rating curve. The production of ice and the development of ice features such as a floating ice cover and anchor ice accumulations significantly affect the stage-discharge relationship. In addition, they significantly impact the actual channel discharge. While in-situ discharge measurements cannot always be performed in mid-winter and even less so during freezeup, it is nonetheless possible to evaluate the channel discharge by understanding the watershed dynamics and ice processes that take place along the channel and its tributaries. This paper reports water stage and discharge trends of the freezeup period along channels of distinct sizes and morphologies. These trends are associated with characteristic ice processes at the local and watershed scales, and are related to other parameters such as the air temperatures and precipitation. Identifying typical ice processes signatures can help engineers and hydrologists to distinguish between ice-induced water stage variations and actual discharge variations. Despite the complexity of freezeup processes taking place along cold and temperate regions channels, evaluating the discharge of any channel can be facilitated by understanding the type and timing of ice processes and by monitoring some key parameters that could complement water stage records.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".