Adsorption of Athabasca Vacuum Residues and Their Visbroken Products over Macroporous Solids: Influence of Their Molecular Characteristics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An adsorption study of Athabasca vacuum residue (VR) and its visbroken (VB) products over in-house made macroporous Ca–kaolin and Ca–Ba–kaolin adsorbents was carried out at ambient temperatures. Adsorption experiments were performed for 120 min in toluene solution of the adsorbates, monitored via ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrophotometry to determine the corresponding uptake. The extent of the uptake was correlated with molecular parameters obtained from 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and solubility profiles to determine which properties may enhance the adsorption. It was found that the severity of thermal cracking induced noticeable changes in solubility profiles, aromaticity ( f a ), total naphthenic carbon (TNC), and secondary methylene groups on the corresponding products. Furthermore, heteroatom content also changed with 545 °C+ conversions, leading to products with decreased sulfur contents and enhanced in nitrogen and oxygen as the severity increases. Higher uptakes were observed in adsorbates with more aromaticity, higher solubility profile, and higher nitrogen and oxygen contents. Trends between these molecular properties with uptakes allowed for the prediction of the potential adsorption capacity of the thermal-cracked products over this type of adsorbent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".