Effect of Addition of K to Ni/SiO2 and Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts on Hydrothermal Cracking of Bitumen.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrothermal cracking of Canadian Athabasca bitumen was performed over Ni/SiO2 and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts under 703K and 5.0MPa of hydrogen pressure in a batch reactor. Comparing with thermal cracking under the same reaction conditions, hydrothermal cracking process obviously suppressed the formation of coke from 5.5 to 3.5wt% (Ni/SiO2) and to 3.0wt% (Ni/Al2O3), and the formation of gaseous hydrocarbon products. To decrease coke formation further, a small amount of potassium was impregnated in the catalysts. The spectroscopy of NH3-TPD showed that the amount of acidic sites in both catalysts, Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/SiO2, was dramatically decreased by K2O modification. The acid-catalyzed polymerization of residuum induced by acidic sites in the catalyst, that might result in the formation of coke, was suppressed by neutralization of the acidic sites. Adding 3% of potassium onto Ni/SiO2 decreased the yield of coke from 3.5 to 2.1wt%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".