Recent evidence of biological recovery from acidification in the Adirondacks (New York, USA): a multiproxy paleolimnological investigation of Big Moose Lake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This investigation provides evidence of biological recovery from acidification in an acid-impacted Adirondack (New York, USA) lake. Water chemistry measurements collected monthly since 1982 show that Big Moose Lake is undergoing chemical recovery from acid deposition. To assess possible biological recovery, changes in chrysophyte, diatom, and cladoceran assemblages are analyzed in a sediment core. Three questions are addressed: (i) is there a significant shift in species composition after the 1995 implementation of the US Acid Rain Program? (ii) Are post-1995 changes in species composition consistent with chemical recovery from acidification or, rather, other changing chemical/climatic factors? (iii) Are the species assemblages returning to their pre-acidification state? Post-1995 declines in the relative abundance of diatom and chrysophyte taxa with low pH-optima and increases in taxa with higher pH-optima indicate biological recovery from acidification. In contrast, the cladocera remain unresponsive to post-1995 increases in pH. No species group has returned to its pre-disturbance state and post-ca. 1995 increases in certain taxa (e.g., Synura echinulata ) may be related to recent climate warming in the Adirondacks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".