A Spectra-Analysis-Based Algorithm for Wind Speed Estimation From X-Band Nautical Radar Images
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this letter, a new method for estimating wind speeds from X-band nautical radar images is presented. Wind speeds are determined from the wavenumber spectra of radar backscatter using a logarithmic relationship between the spectral strength and the wind speed. The method can be applied to both rain-contaminated and rain-free radar data. The method has been tested using shipborne X-band nautical data collected over the North Atlantic Ocean. A comparison with the anemometer data shows that the root mean square errors of wind speeds estimated from rain-contaminated radar data using the proposed method and that by Lund et al. are 1.6 and 7.5 m/s, respectively. The wind speed estimation accuracy is improved by 5.9 m/s with the new method.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it