Resolving the genetic structure of striped marlin,<i>Kajikia audax</i>, in the Pacific Ocean through spatial and temporal sampling of adult and immature fish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spatial genetic structure in the highly migratory striped marlin ( Kajikia audax ) was examined using nuclear (microsatellite) and mitochondrial (control region sequences) DNA markers. While previous studies on striped marlin were limited by sampling design and sample size, this study employed a multiyear concurrent sampling scheme to collect tissue from seven locations representative of the species’ range in the Pacific: Japan, Hawaii, Southern California, Mexico, Central America, New Zealand, and Australia. Mature and immature specimens were analyzed separately to evaluate life-stage-specific population structure and movements. Microsatellite and sequence results revealed small but significant overall spatial subdivision (FST = 0.0145 and KST = 0.06995, respectively). Pairwise microsatellite analyses (n = 1199) revealed four groups: (1) Japan – Immature Hawaii – Southern California, (2) Mature Hawaii, (3) Mexico – Central America, and (4) Australia – New Zealand. Mitochondrial sequence analysis (n = 451) showed similar patterns; however, no significant differentiation was found between groups 1 and 2. This enhanced resolution of geographic genetic structure is important for understanding the complex migration patterns in this species. Moreover, the consistency among independent genetic studies on striped marlin provides strong support for management of at least three clearly delineated Pacific stocks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".