Full-Scale Laboratory Testing to Assess Methods for Reduction of Soil Loads on Buried Pipes Subject to Transverse Ground Movement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of full-scale tests were undertaken to examine the effectiveness of the use of geosynthetic materials to reduce lateral soil loads on buried pipelines subjected to transverse ground movements. The testing program consisted of measuring lateral soil loads on steel pipes buried in trenches simulating different native soil and backfill material configurations. The effectiveness of lining the inclined surface of the trench (i.e. “trench slope”) with two layers of geotextile as a method of soil load reduction depends on the formation of good slippage at the geotextile interface. Pipes buried in relatively soft native soil can penetrate into the native soil during lateral displacement, thus causing the geotextile-lining to be ineffective as a reducer of lateral soil loads. Although there is more opportunity for slippage at the geotextile interface when the trench is in relatively stiff soil, the soil loads on the pipe seem to still increase when the pipe moves in close proximity to the trench slope; this effect is likely due to the increased normal pressures on the pipe arising as a result of the presence of the stiff trench in the vicinity of the pipe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".