Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Crotyl Alcohol Using AuPd Core-Shell Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles containing Au and Pd were synthesized using poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as the polymer stabilizer using both co-reduction and sequential reduction strategies. The nanoparticle structures and catalytic activities for the aerobic oxidation of crotyl alcohol to crotonaldehyde at room temperature in the absence of base were investigated. The chemical, structural, and electronic properties of these nanoparticles were investigated using Pd-K-edge and Au-L III -edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and Pd-L III and Au-L III edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. EXAFS analysis for the sequentially reduced bimetallic systems indicates the presence of significantly Pd-enriched surfaces and Au cores. XANES spectra of the Pd-L III edges indicated that the sequentially reduced particles showed significant d-charge depletion compared to pure monometallic Pd and co-reduced AuPd nanoparticles. The sequentially reduced nanoparticles with Pd rich surfaces were extremely active for crotyl alcohol oxidation at room temperature in the absence of base, and were quite selective for the formation of crotonaldehyde. A proposed mechanism for the reaction involving the oxidation and re-reduction of Pd on the surface of the particles is postulated based on catalytic activity measurements using sequentially reduced particles and control reactions with Pd 2+ salts in the absence and presence of Au, Pd, and Pt nanoparticles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".