Minimally Invasive Purely Endoscopic Approach to Pterygopalatine Fossa and Lateral Orbit through a Middle Fossa Extradural Route: A Cadaveric Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Orbital approaches can be very challenging and often require the combined expertise of neurosurgeons, ophthalmologists and ENTs. The main concerns in orbit surgery are the maintenance of vision and ocular movements and the achievement of an acceptable cosmetic result. Traditionally the orbital approaches are divided in two major categories: the transorbital, which manifest no orbital walls opening and the extraorbital with orbital walls opening. Endoscopic approaches to the orbit constitute an important addition to the orbital surgery armamentarium the last 2 decades. Purpose: In this cadaveric study we aim to present a novel minimally invasive, purely endoscopic approach to the lateral-inferiolateral orbit through an extradural middle fossa route. Material-Methods: Eight fresh cadaveric heads (16 sides) were prepared for dissection. Anatomic dissection was performed using rod lens endoscope (Karl Storz, 0 degrees 18 cm length, 4mm diameter). A classic curvilinear incision was performed. The galea flap was turned anteriorly after performing a subfascial dissection. The upper edge of the zygomatic arch was exposed and drilled with a diamond burr size 3. After the exposure of the lower lateral middle fossa wall a 2cm length by 1 cm height craniotomy was performed. With the use of the endoscope the dura matter was dissected from the anterior part of the middle fossa and the foramen rotondum, was identified. The latera part of the superior orbital fissure was also identified ant the meningo-orbital band was dissected. The bone covering the foramen rotondum was drilled using a 3 mm cutting drill and the intraforaminal V2 was exposed. By removing more bone and following the route of V2 the superior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa was exposed. Further bone removal toward the supraorbital fissure exposes the periorbita at the lateral wall of the orbit. Results: The part of the greater sphenoid wing between the supraorbital and infraorbital fissure was removed and the lateral periorbital surface was exposed. In all the specimens the posterior ⅔ of the lateral orbital wall was removed and the anterior limit of the removal was the sphenozygomatic suture. The inferior orbital fissure was identified just in front of the pterygopalatine fossa. After removing the fat the infraorbital nerve entering the orbit was exposed. The junction of the lateral and inferior wall of the orbit had to be drill for the better exposure of the infraorbital nerve. At the floor of the orbit the infraorbital groove/canal was identified. Conclusion: The minimally invasive purely endoscopic approach to the superior-lateral aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa and lateral orbit through a middle fossa extradural route is a good alternative approach to the lateral orbit. Further studies and clinical application of this approach is necessary for a better evaluation of its usefulness.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".