Private Costs of Patients Hospitalized with Community‐Acquired Pneumonia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a condition which frequently requires hospitalization and consequently, can result in high costs. Little is known of the additional personal resources that are used by patients hospitalized for CAP. OBJECTIVE: To measure the private costs for persons who were hospitalized with CAP for the 30 days after being admitted to hospital using a systematic method of measurement. METHODS: Potential personal cost items were identified by nurses familiar with the treatment of CAP and categorized. Using telephone interviews in conjunction with the cost-identification framework, 60 patients from the Edmonton, Alberta area were surveyed for their private costs associated with CAP for 30 days after admission to hospital. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients surveyed, 49 were older than 65 years of age. The mean private cost was 505 dollars, which amounted to 5.6% of the total societal costs of 8,970 dollars. The distribution was skewed with a small number of patients that had high costs. CONCLUSIONS: This method allows the determination of the societal costs for patients hospitalized with pneumonia, and the costs were not much greater than those to the health care system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".