Evidence of Charge-Transfer Ferromagnetism in Transparent Diluted Magnetic Oxide Nanocrystals: Switching the Mechanism of Magnetic Interactions
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the experimental evidence of a new form of room-temperature ferromagnetism in high surface area nanocrystalline manganese-doped In2O3, prepared from colloidal nanocrystals as building blocks. The nanocrystal structure (bixbyite or corundum) and assembly were controlled by their size, and the type and concentration of dopant precursors. The existence of substitutional paramagnetic Mn dopant ions in mixed valence states (Mn(2+) and Mn(3+)) was confirmed and quantified by different spectroscopic methods, including X-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism. The presence of different oxidation states is the basis of ferromagnetism induced by Stoner splitting of the local density of states associated with extended structural defects, due to charge transfer from the Mn dopants. The extent of this charge transfer can be controlled by the relationship between the electronic structures of the nanocrystal host lattice and dopant ions, rendering a higher magnetic moment in bixbyite relative to corundum Mn-doped In2O3. Charge-transfer ferromagnetism assumes no essential role of dopant as a carrier of the magnetic moment, which was directly confirmed by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, as an element-specific probe of the origin of ferromagnetism. At doping concentrations approaching the percolation limit, charge-transfer ferromagnetism can switch to a double exchange mechanism, given the mixed oxidation states of Mn dopants. The results of this work enable the investigations of the new mechanisms of magnetic ordering in solid state and contribute to the design of new unconventional magnetic and multifunctional materials.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it