Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jordy Cummings 1 (JC):The theme of this year's Alternate Routes is the "paradox of low-wage, no-wage work", and there is a great deal of analysis of an allegedly new historical subject, "the precariat".What do you make of this "paradox"?Is capitalism really that different in 2015 than it was 20, 30, 40 years ago?Charlie Post 2 (CP): Capitalism is certainly different today than it was during the so-called "Golden Age" of 1945Age" of -1975. .During those years, "full-employment" -unemployment below the "frictional" rate of 3-4 percent, the dominance of full-time work with unemployment insurance, health care, pensions and the like (provided by the state, private employers, or some combination) -was the norm.This "full-employment" model also included some measure of job security -either legal or contractual protections from arbitrary dismissal, etc.The "Golden Age" was, in my opinion, exceptional in the history of capitalism.It was the product of a combination of a long period of rising profitability and a militant labor movement across the industrialized world.Workers had threatened the foundations of capitalist rule (France and Spain in the mid-1930s, France and Italy immediately after World War II, France in 1968, Portugal 1974-1975) or severely disrupted capitalist accumulation in mass strike waves in the mid-1930s, immediate post-war years and again between 1965-1975.Capital was forced to make major concessions to labor.The "full-employment" model and the expansive welfare state were the most important gains, giving workers unprecedented security of employment.However, the "Golden Age" was not typical of the history of capitalism.Piketty, in his greatly overrated Capital in the 21st Century, has demonstrated that the very slight decline in income and wealth inequality in this period was a short-interruption of capitalism's historic tendency to increase inequality.Not only was the period exceptional for small decreases in inequality, but in the "full-employment" regime.The period since the mid-1970s -with the growth of part-time (but still mostly 1
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.030 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.041 | 0.055 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.021 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.027 | 0.057 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".