Re-Evaluating the Surface Tension Analysis of Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Mixtures Using Phase-Sensitive Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface tension (ST) has been the most important measure of a molecule's surface activity. However, in many cases the complex behaviors of ST are challenging to interpret. For example, aqueous solutions of sodium docecyl sulfate (SDS) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) show dramatic changes in ST when the concentration of SDS varies. Although surfactants are generally described as "substances that reduce surface tension", new evidence shows that ST may have little changes when a significant amount of SDS is present at the water surface. The decrease of surface entropy resulting from a better ordering of interfacial molecules, such as water, counteracts the decrease of surface enthalpy and is able to keep the ST nearly unchanged. The dramatic ST decrease and recovery of the SDS-PDADMAC mixtures was discovered to be a result of a surface charge reversal. Similar surface charge reversal was also observed in cationic surfactant and anionic polyelectrolyte mixtures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".