Kinetics of Vapor-Phase Cracking of Bitumen-Derived Heavy Gas Oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The kinetics of vapor-phase cracking of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil and the quality of the resulting liquid products were investigated at temperatures of 600–700 °C. Light ends components were analyzed by gas chromatography. The quality of the liquid product was characterized using simulated distillation, elemental analysis, and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Consistent with vapor-phase cracking, the coke yield was negligible at less than 2%. The yields of C 2 –C 3 olefins were 2–16 wt %, while the yields of C 2 –C 3 alkanes ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 wt %. The hydrogen content of the liquid product decreased significantly with conversion, corresponding to an increase of the aromatic carbon content. A kinetic model that considered cracking of alkyl groups from aromatic rings fitted the conversion yields and the chemical compositions. The apparent activation energy of the cracking of reactive alkyl groups was 215 ± 20 kJ/mol.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".