Solar Panel Design and Qualification for the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Program
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the solar array requirements and its design challenges, and the qualification tests completed to verify the design’s ability to operate during cruise, orbit insertion and provide electrical power for 2 years in Mars orbit. The key requirements are 1) meets EOL power required for operations of the science payloads and spacecraft using a total of 4 solar panels (area of 15.7 m) and 2) meets the maximum magnetic field emitted by the on/off switching of the solar array circuits to the sub-nano Tesla level. Special front side cell layout and backside wiring design guideline was required to lower the magnetic signature of the solar cell circuits to not interfere with a magnetometer science payload installed at the end of the deployed solar array. Design solutions for meeting the electrical power and magnetic cleanliness requirements involve the use of Emcore Corp’s 3 generation triple junction, ZTJ, Luna-shaped solar cells. The ZTJ solar cells were qualified per AIAA-S-111-2005 standard in 2009. Qualification at the solar panel level for MAVEN involved using ZTJ cells bonded to composite substrates and flight-like backside wiring for magnetic self-cancellation. Qualification tests of the solar panel involved a small scale coupon subjected to 2X life thermal cycling and flight-size panel subjected to 24 hour bakeout and 8 thermal cycles in a vacuum environment to protoflight temperatures. Pre and post-environmental electrical performance tests measured at ambient temperature and at the maximum operating temperatures while in vacuum verifies the ability of the solar panels to operate as designed in the MAVEN environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".