Sea-ice surface roughness estimates from airborne laser scanner and laser altimeter observations in Fram Strait and north of Svalbard
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present sea-ice surface roughness estimates, i.e. the standard deviation of relative surface elevation, in the Arctic regions of Fram Strait and the Nansen Basin north of Svalbard acquired by an airborne laser scanner and a single-beam laser altimeter in 2010. We compare the scanner to the altimeter and compare the differences between the two survey regions. We estimate and correct sensor roll from the scanner data using the hyperbolic response of the scanner over a flat surface. Measurement surveys had to be longer than 5 km north of Svalbard and longer than 15 km in Fram Strait before the statistical distribution in surface roughness from the scanner and altimeter became similar. The shape of the surface roughness probability distributions agrees with those of airborne electromagnetic induction measurements of ice thickness. The ice in Fram Strait had a greater mean surface roughness, 0.16 m vs 0.09 m, and a wider distribution in roughness values than the ice in the Nansen Basin. An increase in surface roughness with increasing ice thickness was observed over fast ice found in Fram Strait near the coast of Greenland but not for the drift ice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".