Bibliographic record
Abstract
SECOND-QUARTER FINANCIAL results from U.S. pharmaceutical companies gave an early glimpse into life after Zocor, the blockbuster cholesterol drug from Merck that lost patent protection with just a week left in the quarter. The news was bright for some—companies with newer drugs appear to be well-insulated from generic competition—and far from the dark scenario feared for Pfizer, whose cholesterol agent Lipitor was expected to be the most affected by patients switching to generic Zocor. The performance of newer drugs and patent expiries on other products also dictated the health of the industry in the quarter. The average second-quarter profit margin among the 14 companies surveyed by C&EN was 22.2%, compared with 20.6% in the second quarter of 2005. Though European drug companies have bested their U.S. counterparts for several straight quarters, this time U.S. firms pulled ahead in profits, albeit by a sliver. Average profit margins among the U.S. companies improved to 22.4%, compared with ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.738 | 0.474 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".