Evaluation of Asphaltene Degradation on Highly Ordered TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubular Arrays via Variations in Wettability
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation of both aquatic and atmospheric organic pollutants on titanium dioxide has been extensively investigated in the past decades, but research on direct photocatalytic degradation of solid-phase organic pollutants is rather limited. In this work, photocatalytic degradation of n-C(7) asphaltene, which is composed of solid-phase organic substances found in crude oil, on highly ordered TiO(2) nanotubular arrays (TNAs) was studied using the wettability as an indicator. It was observed that the water contact angle rose linearly with increasing the concentration of n-C(7) asphaltene solution up to 0.02 g mL(-1). Further increasing the concentration of n-C(7) asphaltene only caused small augment in the contact angle, which eventually became stable around 98°. It is demonstrated that the water contact angle can be used as an indicator to reflect the residual solid-phase organic pollutants within a certain range of pollutant concentration. As observed, n-C(7) asphaltene film degraded on TNAs under UV illumination for 60 min, showing complete mineralization of ∼80% of n-C(7) asphaltene that was released into air finally. The remaining 20% of asphaltene was partially decomposed into smaller organic molecules, e.g., -C(═O)- and -C(═O)-OH, confirmed by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectra analysis. TNAs can be reused to degrade the solid-phase n-C(7) asphaltene for a number of cycles without further treatment.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it