Gel-to-Fluid Phase Transformations in Solid-Supported Phospholipid Bilayers Assembled by the Langmuir–Blodgett Technique: Effect of the Langmuir Monolayer Phase State and Molecular Density
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Planar-supported phospholipid bilayers are increasingly used as synthetic membranes for scientific and practical applications. The thermotropic phase properties of supported bilayers are important for recreating biologically relevant situations. Unlike free-standing lipid membranes that undergo one gel-to-fluid or main phase transition, mica-supported single bilayers have been found to undergo two separate leaflet transitions. Although the distinctive nature of the main transition in mica-supported bilayers has been attributed to different effects, determining their relevance has been problematic because vesicle fusion, the technique most widely used to prepare solid-supported bilayer membranes, does not allow one to readily control the lipid surface coverage and molecular density. To circumvent the limitations of the vesicle fusion method and systematically investigate the effects on the individual leaflet transitions of the lipid phase state and molecular density before deposition on the substrate, mica-supported single bilayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) were prepared using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. The gel-to-fluid transitions of the bilayer leaflets were tracked by controlled-temperature atomic force microscopy to determine the relative fractions of the gel and fluid phases as a function of temperature. The fraction of solid versus temperature data was fit to the van't Hoff equation to determine the leaflet melting temperatures and transition enthalpies. The phase state and molecular density of the Langmuir monolayer precursor at the transfer pressure of 35 mN m(-1) was found to have a greater effect on the main transition temperature and width of the distal (upper) leaflet than that of the proximal (lower) one. The contributions of substrate-mediated condensation, asymmetric lipid densities, and surface area available for thermal expansion of the bilayer are addressed. This work demonstrates the potential of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique as a tool for identifying and manipulating the factors that govern the phase transition properties of surface-confined lipid bilayers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".