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Record W2324769165 · doi:10.4006/0836-1398-27.4.586

Phase and frequency shift in a Michelson interferometer

2014· article· en· W2324769165 on OpenAlex
W. Engelhardt

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenuePhysics Essays · 2014
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicRelativity and Gravitational Theory
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPhysicsMichelson interferometerInterferometryPhase (matter)OpticsQuantum mechanics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Traditionally, the outcome of Michelson’s interference experiment has been interpreted as evidence against the existence of a luminiferous medium called “ether.” Einstein, however, emphasized in 1920 that an ether must exist in spite of Michelson’s null result. In this paper, it is shown that a medium theory—be it for light or for sound—actually predicts the observed null result. Michelson expected a gradual fringe shift when his apparatus was turned in the “ether wind.” Such a phase change would, however, require a temporary frequency change in one of the interferometer arms. Since wind does not alter the frequency in the interferometer, a phase shift cannot occur either.VC 2014 Physics Essays Publication. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-27.4.586] Resume: Habituellement, l’issue de l’experience sur l’interference de Michelson a ete interpretee comme evidence contre l’existence d’un medium luminifere appele “ether.” Einstein, cependant, a insiste, en 1920, sur le fait qu’un ether doit exister en depit du resultat nul de Michelson. Dans cet article il est demontre qu’une theorie de medium—que ce soit pour la lumiere ou pour le son— predit, en fait, le resultat nul observe. Michelson s’attendait a un changement graduel des franges d’interference quand son appareil etait tourne dans le “vent de l’ether.” Un tel changement de phase exigerait, cependant, un changement temporaire de frequence dans un des bras de l’interferometre. Puisque le vent ne change pas la frequence dans l’interferometre, un changement de phase ne peut se produire non plus.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.162
Threshold uncertainty score0.371

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.276
Teacher spread0.263 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it