The OECD international VAT/GST guidelines on cross-border trade in digital goods - new developments since the Ottawa Conference (1998) on restoring tax neutrality : notes and comments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Taxation of e-commerce is a global issue that cannot be resolved by adopting Value Added Tax (VAT) rules with extra-territorial powers in the absence of international treaties. Furthermore, where jurisdictions modernise their VAT rules in isolation and without having regard to international trends and inter-jurisdictional relationships, the modernisation is set for failure. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international body that concerns itself with the promotion of policies that will improve the social and economic well-being of people around the world. It provides a forum for governments to work together, share experiences, and seek solutions to common problems. One of its various areas of research is the taxation (more specifically consumer taxes) on cross-border trade in services and intangibles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.014 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".