Sperm plasticity to seawater temperatures in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua is affected more by population origin than individual environmental exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atlantic cod is a key species of the North Atlantic ecosystem whose distribution will likely be affected by climate change. Although general temperature effects on reproduction are known, there is a dearth of information on population and individual level life history and reproductive plasticity responses to temperature change. We tested the hypothesis that the sperm of Atlantic cod of different genetic backgrounds (southern versus more northerly Newfoundland and Labrador) and of different environmental histories (reared in indoor tanks and fed a forage diet versus reared in sea cages and fed pellets) have different average plastic responses to temperature. Male reproductive performance was examined at 4 temperatures by measuring sperm swimming characteristics at 10 and 30 s after motility activation. Genetic origin had a larger effect on sperm swimming characteristics than past environmental history. Moreover, groups derived from the southern population exhibited a more pronounced positive mean reaction norm than the group derived from the Newfoundland and Labrador population. This represents an example of cogradient variation as genotypes accentuate the thermal phenotypic plasticity. Even though there were differences between the groups in sperm swimming characteristics, this is unlikely sufficient to affect successful reproduction at the temperatures tested unless under sperm competition. Thus, sperm performance should not be a limiting factor for reproduction under predicted increases in sea surface temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".