A<sup>13</sup>C and<sup>15</sup>N Solid-State NMR Study of Structural Disorder and Aurophilic Bonding in Au<sup>I</sup>and Au<sup>III</sup>Cyanide Complexes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study several cyanoaurates. Carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 NMR spectra of samples enriched with isotopically labeled 13C,15N cyanide ligands were recorded for stationary samples and samples spinning at the magic angle. Several salts of the dicyanoaurate(I) anion, M[Au(CN)2], where M = n-butylammonium, potassium, and thallium, were studied via solid-state NMR. A gold(III) cyanide, K[Au(CN)4], was also investigated. Carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 chemical shift tensors are reported for each salt, as are the measured 13C,15N direct dipolar coupling constants together with the related derived cyanide bond lengths, r(C,N). The value for r(C,N) in [(n-C4H9)4N][Au(CN)2], 1.17(5) A, was determined to be more realistic than a previously reported X-ray diffraction value of 1.03(4) A. Large 13C NMR line widths from Tl[Au(CN)2], 250-315 Hz, are attributed to coupling with 197Au (I = 3/2) and/or 203/205Tl (I = 1/2), as confirmed by measurements of the transverse relaxation constant, T2. Investigation of the carbon-13 chemical shifts for cyanide ligands bound to gold involved in a variety of metallophilic bonding environments demonstrates that the chemical shift is sensitive to metallophilic bonding. Differences in Au-Tl metallophilic bonding are shown to cause a difference in the isotropic carbon-13 chemical shift of up to 15.7 ppm, while differences in Au-Au aurophilic bonding are found to be responsible for a change of up to 5.9 ppm. The disordered polymeric material gold(I) monocyanide, AuCN, was also investigated using 13C and 15N SSNMR. Two-dimensional 13C,13C double-quantum dipolar-recoupling spectroscopy was used to probe connectivity in this material. The 13C NMR site multiplicity in AuCN is explained on the basis of sensitivity of the carbon-13 chemical shift to aurophilic bonding of the directly bonded gold atom. This assignment allows estimation of the position of the linear [-M-CN-]infinity chain's position with respect to the neighboring polymer chain. For the samples studied, a range of 7 +/- 2% to 25 +/- 5% of the AuCN chains are found to be "slipped" instead of aligned with the neighboring chains at the metal position.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".