Bibliographic record
Abstract
The last months of 1813 and first half of 1814 saw the Madison presidency and the War of 1812 continue their downward trajectory. First the U.S. Army's ill-led efforts on the Canadian frontier ground to a halt, and then Napoleon I's unanticipated fall from power freed up Britain's enormous military resources to be focused on the American war—if the British wanted them to be. President James Madison held out hope that the sudden disappearance of the French Empire's continental system, and the associated reopening of European trade with America, would give Britain's allies strong incentives to push Britannia toward a peaceful resolution of its nagging American fight. Still, he recognized at least verbally that Britain might push the conflict to a punishing conclusion. This volume of Madison papers once again makes clear how substantially the historiography of the early republic stands to benefit from this documentary project. Previously, much of Madison's outgoing and virtually none of his incoming correspondence had been published, but now scholars will have readily available documentation of many of the types of concerns that demanded the president's, or at least his aides', attention on a regular basis. The editors' selections of documents to publish from among the incoming mounds of requests for appointments to offices both significant and trivial, petitions for executive clemency, suggestions concerning military strategy, and pleas for personal financial assistance show that the nineteenth-century presidency mixed fascinating high politics with a substantial burden of tedious administrative work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.043 | 0.029 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".