Minimization of Coke in Thermal Cracking of Athabasca Vacuum Residue in a High-Temperature Short-Residence Time Continuous Flow Aerosol Reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Yield of coke in thermal cracking of Athabasca vacuum residue in a continuous flow aerosol reactor was minimized by atomization of the feed into submicrometer droplets, which enhanced the vaporization and conversion of the heavy liquid phase with boiling point above 524 °C. The reaction temperature ranged from 700 to 800 °C, and the pressure was atmospheric. The residence time varied from 100 to 115 ms. The yield of coke was found to be insensitive to conversion, with an average value of 6.3 wt %. The average size of the coke particles in the product was less than 190 nm. Alkenes were the dominant components among the gas products, with total yield of ethene and propene ranging from 5 to 18 wt % with conversion. The molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon decreased monotonically with conversion from 1.4 for unconverted feed to 0.98 at 78% conversion, consistent with high yields of hydrogen-rich gas products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".