Kinetics of Two-Stage Dispersion Copolymerization for the Preparation of Lanthanide-Encoded Polystyrene Microparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To obtain a better understanding of how lanthanide-encoded polystyrene microbeads are formed during their synthesis, we carried out kinetic studies of two-stage dispersion copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid (AA, 2 wt % based on styrene), with or without added TmCl 3, in ethanol in the presence of poly( N -vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) as a polymeric stabilizer. Particles of narrow size distribution and micrometer diameters were obtained, allowing us to compare rates of monomer conversion, Tm ion incorporation, and growth in particle size. In these reactions, AA or (AA + TmCl 3 ) were added in a second stage ( t = 1 h). Much of the AA incorporation into the particles occurred in the latter half of the reaction. In the presence of small amounts of TmCl 3 there was some retardation of the polymerization reaction. The most striking result was that at the higher levels of TmCl 3 most of the metal ion incorporation occurred late in the reaction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".