Some Combustion Characteristics of Biomass and Coal Cofiring under Oxy-Fuel Conditions in a Pilot-Scale Circulating Fluidized Combustor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of tests were conducted using CanmetENERGY’s pilot-scale, oxy-fuel firing capable circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor. These tests were done with a variety of coals, ranging from lignite to bituminous, that were cofired with biomass, specifically wood pellets. The amount of cofired wood pellets varied from 20 to 50% by weight. The objectives of these tests were to measure the combustion characteristics of oxy-fuel cofiring with coal and biomass, including flue gas composition, emissions of volatile organic compounds, and emissions of trace metals. Test results showed that stable combustion conditions could be obtained with a CO 2 concentration in the flue gas of >90% and that the addition of wood pellets did not appreciably affect combustion conditions. These results provided support for the claim that cofiring solid fossil fuels such as coal and coke with carbon-neutral biomass under oxy-fuel conditions with CO 2 capture is a sound approach for achieving negative CO 2 emissions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".