Spray and freeze drying of human milk on the retention of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several freeze-drying and spray-drying methods were investigated in relation to the retention of immunoglobulins (Ig) A, IgG, and IgM. Spray drying produced human milk powders with 2% humidity and a good retention of IgG (>88%) and IgM (∼70%). However, only 38% of IgA remained after spray drying. For freeze drying, only the highest heating plate temperature used in this study (40°C) brought IgA content down to 55% in powder with 1.75% residual humidity, whereas milk samples undergoing lower temperatures had higher preservation rates (75% for IgA and 80% for IgG and IgM) and higher residual moisture contents. From these results, it can be concluded that IgA is the most sensitive Ig lost during drying processing of human milk. The best method to generate human milk powders without a significant loss of Ig was thus freeze drying at 30°C heating plate temperature, which accelerated the process compared to lower processing temperatures, but still had good overall Ig retention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".