Scaling Relations for Early-Type (Red-Sequence) Galaxies in the Virgo and Fornax Clusters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The photometric and structural properties of early‐type galaxies are examined using HST data from the ACS Virgo and Fornax Cluster Surveys. We show that these galaxies define the local “red sequence” in these two benchmark clusters. Sérsic models provide accurate representations of their surface brightness profiles on scales greater than a few percent of the effective radius. On smaller scales, the brightness profiles of bright (MB≳−20.5) galaxies show central deficits with respect to the inward extrapolation of the Sérsic models; fainter galaxies often show central excesses (i.e., central stellar nuclei). Aside from these central deviations (which have no effect on the large‐scale galaxy properties), there are gradual and systematic variations in the global photometric and structural parameters along the red sequence luminosity function. A small number of “compact ellipticals” that depart from the relations defined by the majority of red sequence galaxies have likely had their internal structure modified by interactions with massive companions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".