Anodic Growth of Large-Diameter Multipodal TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on the formation of a new class of nanostructures, namely, multipodal hollow titania nanotubes possessing two or more legs, achieved during the electrochemical anodization of titanium in diethylene glycol (DEG)-based electrolytes. The unique multipodal porous structure is expected to extend and enhance the applications of TiO(2) nanotube arrays. Multipodal nanotubes form by a process we term "nanotube combination", which only occurs in viscous electrolytes at high anodization potentials in the presence of a low concentration of fluoride-bearing species. The mechanism of formation of multipodal nanotubes is considered, and the tube length at which nanotube combination occurs is predicted theoretically using a simplified analytical model. The results suggest that capillary forces strong enough to bend the TiO(2) nanotubes by tens of degrees are generated during the imbibition of electrolyte into and out of the intertubular spaces between adjacent tapered nanotubes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".