Hydrocarbon Depletion of Athabasca Core at Near Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study shows the feasibility of preparing hydrocarbon (HC)-depleted cores with a laboratory setup operated at near steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) oil production conditions (200−240 °C and 2.5 MPa). One Athabasca core was selected for this purpose. HC contents remaining within the spent core match typical levels from industrial production ranging from 30 to 40 wt %. These HC contents were found independent from using liquid- or vapor-phase H 2 O, suggesting that surface chemistry at the mineral−organic interface plays a leading role in HC partition. Characterization of the HC fractions from the steam-depleted cores showed that short residence times (1 h) at 200−220 °C provided upgrading levels of about 1−2% based on the original HC present in these cores. Light HC components were generated coincidently with aquathermolysis mechanisms widely described in the literature. The remaining HCs attached to the core minerals were found downgraded in comparison to the initial HC present in the virgin core. These low-quality non-mobile materials are targeted for further production of valuable products. One may think of in situ gasification to generate H 2 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".