Passive evaporation of source-separated urine from dry toilets: a lab study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A methodology for evaporating human urine from dry toilets using gravity-drainage through vertically stacked plastic ‘cafeteria-type’ trays was tested. A thin layer (500 g) of medium-grained sand on the bottom of each tray enhanced evaporation, ammonia stabilization and solid product removal. A prototype laboratory unit initially evaporated up to 8.5 L m−2 d−1 but decreased to 1.5 L m−2 d−1 over time as salinity increased. The evaporation process produces a dark, highly saline, brine solution before drying to a solid product. The solid product has almost no odor and is mostly comprised of Na, Cl, N, P and K. Nitrogen loss, primarily by ammonia volatilization, significantly decreased the amount of N relative to P and K in the brine and solid product. About 90% of the NH4/NH3 initially present in the input urine was lost in the evaporator system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".