Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following Canada and Venezuela, Madagascar contains the third largest oil sand deposits in the world. These oil sand deposits are in sandstone beds directly onlapping onto the African basement. In close proximity to these bitumen deposits are large areas of heavy oil (14° to 16° API) in a block held with a 100% interest by Madagascar Oil. The Block is approximately 6,600 km2 in area, and to date, approximately 80% of all drilled wells have showed intersections of oil up to 60 m in thickness. In 2008, in a small cyclic steam pilot using three wells, 2,000 barrels of oil were produced from the Amboloando formation of Triassic age — the first oil production in the history of Madagascar. From June 2010 to the present (September 2010), Madagascar Oil has been conducting 2-D resistivity (also known as electrical resistivity tomography or ERT) surveys over their Tsimiroro pilot area as well as exploration areas on the same concession Block. The objectives of the ERT survey are to 1. Delineate heavy oil deposits, both in area and in depth; 2. Establish the continuity to surface of faulting imaged at depth by previously shot seismic surveys 3. To explore for other heavy oil deposits that may exist stratigraphically below the main reservoir; 4. To delineate shale caprock; 5. To establish baseline information for future 4-D steam monitoring; and 6. To explore for heavy oil deposits in areas other than the main reservoir block. This is the first exploration program of its kind outside of North America. This paper will introduce this little known area of heavy oil, the history of exploration in Madagascar, the methodology of the geoelectrical exploration program, the results of the program, and the results of follow-up drilling and coring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".