Rare Earth Elements: Minerals, Mines, Magnets (and More)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research Article| October 01, 2012 Rare Earth Elements: Minerals, Mines, Magnets (and More) Anton R. Chakhmouradian; Anton R. Chakhmouradian 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, CanadaE-mail: chakhmou@cc.umanitoba.ca Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Frances Wall Frances Wall 2Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UKE-mail: F.Wall@exeter.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Anton R. Chakhmouradian 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, CanadaE-mail: chakhmou@cc.umanitoba.ca Frances Wall 2Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UKE-mail: F.Wall@exeter.ac.uk Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1811-5217 Print ISSN: 1811-5209 © 2012 by the Mineralogical Society of America Elements (2012) 8 (5): 333–340. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.8.5.333 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Anton R. Chakhmouradian, Frances Wall; Rare Earth Elements: Minerals, Mines, Magnets (and More). Elements 2012;; 8 (5): 333–340. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.8.5.333 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyElements Search Advanced Search Abstract The rare earth elements (REEs) are all around us, not only in nature but in our everyday lives. They are in every car, computer, smartphone, energy-efficient fluorescent lamp, and color TV, as well as in lasers, lenses, ceramics, and more. Scientific applications of these elements range from tracing the provenance of magmas and sediments to studying body structures with magnetic resonance imaging. The realization that we need rare earths for so many applications, but that their supply is effectively restricted to several mining districts in China, has brought these elements to the headlines and created a critical-metals agenda. Here we introduce the REE family: their properties, minerals, practical uses, and deposits. Potential sources of these elements are diverse and abundant if we can overcome the technical challenges of rare earth mining and extraction in an environmentally and socially responsible way. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.274 | 0.142 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".