Synthesis and Characterization of Biobased Melamine Formaldehyde Resins from Bark Extractives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, bark alkaline extractives from the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) infested lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl.) was used to partially replace 30 wt % of melamine in formulating the biobased bark extractive–melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin. Results showed that the addition of the bark extractives and the type of solvent system used for resin formulation significantly affected the initial molecular weight, molecular structure, viscosity, curing behavior, postcuring thermal stability, and bonding performance of the resulting resins. The bark extractive–MF resins exhibited similar dry and wet bonding strengths to the laboratory made control MF resins formulated in the same type of solvent system. The liquid-state 13 C NMR study showed that bark extractives were reactants and incorporated into the resulting biobased MF resin structures. Bark extractives obtained from the mountain pine beetle infested lodgepole pine showed promise as a suitable partial replacement for melamine in MF resin formulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".