Effect of Synthesis Route on Properties of CuO as a High Temperature Oxygen Carrier
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Copper oxide powders intended for use as oxygen carriers in high temperature air separation and chemical looping combustion have been synthesized by a range of ceramic synthesis techniques including citrate gel, Pechini, precipitation, alanine assisted combustion, and high temperature oxidation. The evolution of morphology and crystal structure in the synthesis of powders was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface chemical properties of the powders were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The oxygen sorptive/desorptive kinetics was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Kinetics of the oxygen exchange reactions were analyzed and explained using empirical kinetics models with minimum error. A strong correlation was observed between the oxygen desorption parameters and oxygen to copper ratio calculated from measured XPS spectra. Copper oxide powders synthesized using the alanine assisted combustion and citrate gel methods resulted in optimum kinetic properties for use as an oxygen carrier at high temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".