Classifying Streams on the Basis of Elevation above Mean Sea Level—A Universal Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To date, more than 20 different stream classification systems have been proposed and yet none of them have been accepted universally. Here, we introduce "elevation above mean sea level" as the new universal stream classifying parameter. 873 field values describing hydraulic geometry of UK, U.S., and Canadian streams were compiled and divided into five distinct elevation zones. Modal and most probable values (MPVs) of aspect ratio (Ar), channel slope (Sc), and sinuosity (P) occurring concurrently in nature were calculated for each of the five elevation zones. Ar initially increased while moving upstream and then decreased above 5,000 ft. Sc always exhibited an increasing trend with elevation. P showed high values only at 0-250 ft range and for all other zones was observed to be fairly constant. When datasets of sandy, gravel, and cobble streams were divided separately into these five elevation zones, similar behavior was observed in the MPVs of Ar, Sc, and P for each stream type.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".