Characterization of the Pore Structure and Surface Properties of Shale Using the Zeta Adsorption Isotherm Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The determination of the specific surface area and pore structure parameters of natural materials have been a long-standing issue. We propose a method for determining the specific surface area and pore size distribution that is based on the zeta adsorption isotherm and apply that method for each of two hydrocarbon vapors, octane and heptane, adsorbing on two types of shale, as-received and milled shale. We determined the specific surface areas of both materials, approximate the pores as cylindrical, and determine the average pore mouth radius. The standard deviation in the mean values of the specific surface areas and average pore radius determined with each of the two vapors is less than 3%. The experimental isotherms on the as-received shale indicate the existence of a pronounced adsorption–desorption hysteresis loop that results from the mesoporous structure of the material. We previously showed that liquid forms in the pores because of coalescence of molecular clusters inside the pores. In this study, we show that the pore emptying in the as-received shale is delayed because of the pore blocking effect. The zeta isotherm theory and the necessary conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium along with the measured amount adsorbed are used to determine the distribution in the pore mouth radii.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".