Grosmont Dolomite Cores from Various Formation Depths after Bitumen Extraction: Dissolution in Brine and Interfacial Properties as a Function of Common Lattice Ion and pH
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dissolution and ζ potential of dolomitic particles obtained from six cores at various depths in the Grosmont carbonate formation were studied after the bitumen was extracted. Changes in specific conductivity and pH during mixing and after equilibration for 12 h were indicators of dissolution. Zeta potentials were measured as functions of pH and concentrations of common lattice cations Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ and the anion CO 3 2– concentrations in an indifferent electrolyte NaCl background. The negative ζ potential decreased with increases in the added Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ concentrations and became more negative with incrementally added CO 3 2– anion. The ζ potentials for all core solids became less negative when pH was reduced. The data were compared to responses of a model dolomite which displayed an isoelectric point around pH 5.8. None of the core solids showed an isoelectric point. They were not positively charged like the model dolomite when cation concentrations were increased in the suspending medium. The organic film left on the core solids surfaces after bitumen extraction was responsible for the nonideal electrokinetic behavior. There were minor differences in properties of the solid/liquid interfaces from core to core. There was no specific correlation with the depth of origination for the cores. The dissolution and electrical charge responses of the cores solids would suggest possible impact on emulsions that may form during bitumen extraction if water is used for extraction as in steam assisted gravity drainage processes. The properties of the residual core left after bitumen is removed would determine how the aquifer environments are affected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".