Bulk Sensing Using a Long-Range Surface-Plasmon Dual-Output Mach–Zehnder Interferometer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optical bulk (refractometric) sensing of sample solutions is demonstrated using dual-output Mach-Zehnder interferometers built from long-range surface-plasmon polariton waveguides operating at a free-space wavelength of 1375 nm. The device of interest was constructed by embedding Au stripes in Cytop claddings and etching a fluidic channel through the top cladding of one arm of the interferometer to expose the Au stripe. Bulk sensing was carried out by flowing sequentially a series of solutions of different refractive index through the microfluidic channel. The optical powers of the two outputs responded sinusoidally and were complimentary, as expected in theory. Three detection schemes aiming at improving the detection limit are analyzed showing that the device benefits from a 2× larger dynamic range, and has the ability to suppress common perturbations, relative to a single output. A detection limit of ~4 × 10-6RIU is demonstrated, which can be further improved by lengthening the sensing channel. The device is promising for application as a biosensor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".