Hybrid Gel Electrolytes Derived from Keggin-Type Polyoxometalates and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid with Enhanced Electrochemical Stability and Fast Ionic Conductivity
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
New hybrid gel electrolytes, derived from synergetic self-assembling of inorganic polyoxometalates (POMs) and organic ionic liquid (IL) components, have been successfully prepared using Keggin-type heteropolyanions such as {PMo 11 VO 40 } 4– and {PW 11 MoO 40 } 3– and ionic liquid N -methyl imidazolium-1-(3-sulfonic group) propyl (MIMPS). Powder X-ray diffraction study reveals that these hybrid gels possess lamellar structure and exhibit characteristic thermo-tropic liquid-crystalline behavior. Ionic conductivity (σ) of ∼0.1 S cm –1 under ambient conduction was observed at 93 °C for [MIMPS] 4 PMo 11 VO 40 (IL-PMo 11 V) and [MIMPS] 3 PW 11 MoO 40 (IL-PW 11 Mo) hybrid gels. The electrochemical stability window (ESW) of IL-PMo 11 V and IL-PW 11 Mo seem to be about 2 and 4 V, respectively, at room temperature. The POM-based IL gel electrolytes show super ionic conductivity and high ESW compared to other known IL-based electrolytes, including 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(pentafluoro-ethylsolfonyl)imide (σ = 0.003 S cm –1 at 94 °C, ESW = 3.5 V), 1-dodecylimidazolium-bis(pentafluoro-ethylsolfonyl)imide (σ = 0.002 S cm –1 at 94 °C, ESW = 3 V), SiO 2 /1-methy-3-propylpiperidinium/bis(trifluoro methanesulphonyl)imide (σ = 0.014 S cm –1 at 85 °C, ESW = 1.5 V), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate/poly(vinylidene fluride- co -hexafluoropropylene (σ = 0.027 S cm –1 at 90 °C, ESW = 3.8 V).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it