Red Mud as a Catalyst for the Upgrading of Hemp-Seed Pyrolysis Bio-oil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hemp-seed pyrolysis bio-oil was upgraded in a batch laboratory-scale pressure reactor under 800 psi (cold) hydrogen gas at 350−365 °C using a non-alkaline, nontoxic Fe x O y /SiO 2 /TiO 2 catalyst [reduced red mud (RRM)] obtained by the reduction of red mud with HOAc/HCCOH. The upgraded liquid obtained was separated into stable organic and aqueous phases. Comparative analyses between the crude oil and the organic and aqueous phases of upgraded products showed that the RRM-upgraded bio-oil is composed of fewer carbonyl-containing and polar oxygenated compounds but more saturated hydrocarbons. The upgraded oil phases are less viscous than the native oil and stable against resin formation for at least 60 days. The catalytic activity of RRM is related to its ability to catalyze both deoxygenation and cracking reactions that convert reactive components (aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids), which make the oil unstable over time, into less reactive deoxygenated products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".