Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Living kidney donors may experience changes in bone mineral metabolism, which adversely affect the skeletal system. In this review, we summarize the literature assessing the relationship between living kidney donation, changes in bone mineral metabolism, and skeletal fracture. RECENT FINDINGS: Living kidney donor nephrectomy may lower the concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and phosphate and raise the concentration of parathyroid hormone, with no appreciable effect on the concentration of calcium. There is conflicting evidence on whether the concentration of fibroblast growth factor 23 rises after kidney donation. Whether these changes in bone mineral metabolism alter skeletal fracture risk in living kidney donors is an open question. To date, a single study of over 2000 living kidney donors (median age 43 years) matched to a segment of the general population selected for good health has found that after a median follow-up of 6.6 years (maximum 17.7 years), the rate of fragility (osteoporotic) fractures is no higher in donors compared to nondonors. SUMMARY: Living kidney donors experience changes in bone mineral metabolism. Long-term studies are needed to determine whether an association between living kidney donation and fracture exists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".