Time-lapse three-dimensional electromagnetic inversion of growth-impeded SAGD steam chambers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Heterogeneity in the Athabasca oil sands can impede the growth of SAGD steam chambers. Here, we show how controlled-source electromagnetic (EM) methods can be used to detect growth-impeded regions and monitor changes in steam chamber growth. Our achievements are two-fold. We first generate a background resistivity model based on well logging at a field site in the Athabasca oil sands and then estimate the resistivity of the steam chambers using an empirical formulation that incorporates the effects of temperature on the surrounding rocks. Using the resulting 3D model, electromagnetic responses for any EM survey can be computed. The second, and more important, achievement illustrates that imaging SAGD chambers, as they grow in time, may be possible with cost-effective surveys. Our example uses a single transmitter loop with receivers in observation wells. In the wells, only the vertical component of the electric field is measured. Even with this limited data set, the images obtained through 3D cascaded time-lapse inversion identifies the location and extent of an impeded steam chamber. The proposed EM survey acquisition time and processing should be relatively fast and cost-effective, and are expected to yield sufficient information to help make informed decisions regarding SAGD operations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".