Detailed abundance analysis of five field blue horizontal-branch stars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that hot blue horizontal-branch (BHB) stars in globular clusters present abundance anomalies of certain chemical elements in their atmosphere; some metals are overabundant while helium is underabundant. Vertical stratification of chemical species, including iron, is also found in the atmosphere of a number of these objects. The aim of our work is to do a detailed abundance analysis of BHB stars found in the field. We studied the stars HD 128801, HD 143459, HD 213781, and HZ 27, using our high-resolution spectra in the visible region obtained with ESPaDOnS at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, and also Feige 86, using existing Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph visible spectra from the ESO archives. We searched for vertical stratification of the elements identified in our five stars, with the zeeman2 code and stellar model atmospheres of PHOENIX. We confirm here the star rotational and radial velocities previously found, along with their average abundances. For the three cooler stars in our sample (HD 128801, HD 143459, and HZ 27), most elements detected are underabundant. For the two hotter stars (Feige 86 and HD 213781), the abundances of most elements are near or above their solar value. Of all the elements studied, only phosphorus is clearly found to be vertically stratified in the atmosphere of HD 213781. Marginal indications of vertical stratification of iron is observed for Feige 86. The chemical properties of the five field BHB stars are consistent with those of their globular-cluster counterparts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".