Laboratory and Full Scale Testing of a Pull-in-Place PVC Pipe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) installation industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the North American underground construction sector, representing a commanding share of utility services installed in urbanized areas. The growing need for renewal of the buried municipal infrastructure in urban areas focused much attention on HDD as a technically viable and cost effective method for the installation of water distribution systems and pressurized sanitary sewers with minimum surface disturbance. Consequently, there is a growing need for a variety of pipe products that meet relevant AWWA and CSA standards and are suitable for installation using the HDD method. The paper describes the development and testing of a new restrained joint for rigid pipes that enables the installation of standard C-900 bell-and-spigot pipes using the HDD or Pipe Bursting (PB) construction methods. In particular, the paper will cover the design concept, and laboratory testing for tension and bending, finite element modeling of the new joint and the results of a full-scale field test. The latter involved the installation using a HDD rig of an 110m long, 100mm diameter, bell-and-spigot C-900 PVC pipe column that utilized the new restrained joint. The pull-head as well as the two leading joints were instrumented to measure the tensile and shear stains that developed in the pipe during the installation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".