Bibliographic record
Abstract
good deal of ink has been spilled over the rise of a post-Westphalian politics, one less fettered by norms and practices centred on the state as the supreme power within its boundaries and the only international actors of consequence.2 A significant increase in the cross-border activities of non-central governments (NCGs) is an important element of the emergent post-Westphalian world. The literature on NCGs as cross-border actors has mainly centred on Western democracies, where the constituent governments of federal states and of European Union member states are assumed to be leading the way.3 The cross-border activities of Asian and authoritarian NCGs have not figured significantly. Yet, the governments of the Hong Kong and Macau Special Administrative Regions (SARs) currently have more external affairs autonomy than most NCGs elsewhere. By 1999, they had, respectively, the third and seventh highest number of memberships in inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) among the world's non-sovereign governments.4 They stand out because the ten other non-sovereign territories with the highest membership rates were either states-in-waiting (Palestine), de facto associated states (Cook Islands, Niue,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".