Determination and Modeling of Vapor–Liquid Equilibria for the Sulfuric Acid + Water + Butyl Acetate + Ethanol System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel azeotropic distillation for sulfuric acid recovery, which uses organic solvents as entrainers, is proposed. This new distillation process may provide significant energy savings. Vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) data were determined by the quasi-static ebulliometric method for the following systems at (30, 60, and 90) kPa: (1) sulfuric acid + water + ethanol; (2) sulfuric acid + water + butyl acetate; and (3) sulfuric acid + water + butyl acetate + ethanol. Through the use of the OLI software, a chemical model was established via regressing the experimental data to obtain the mixed solvent electrolyte (MSE) model parameters. The average absolute deviations of boiling points for all systems are only 1.34 K. The new model with newly obtained parameters was successfully applied to predict the VLE for the sulfuric acid + water + butyl acetate ternary system at constant pressure, providing important VLE information for the recovery of spent sulfuric acid by this new azeotropic distillation technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".