Radiation Damage to DNA: The Indirect Effect of Low-Energy Electrons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the effect of the DNA hydration level on damage yields induced by soft X-rays and photoemitted low-energy electrons (LEEs) in thin films of plasmid DNA irradiated in N 2 at atmospheric pressure under different humidity levels. Contrary to a dilute solution of DNA, the number of H 2 O molecules per nucleotide (Γ) in these films can be varied from Γ = 2.5 to ∼33, where Γ ≤ 20 corresponds to layers of hydration and Γ = 33 to an additional bulk-like water layer. Our results indicate that DNA damage induced by LEEs does not increase significantly until the second hydration shell is formed. However, this damage increases dramatically as DNA coverage approaches bulk-like hydration conditions. A number of phenomena are invoked to account for these behaviors, including dissociative electron transfer from water–interface electron traps to DNA bases, quenching of dissociative electron attachment to DNA, and quenching of dissociative electronically excited states of H 2 O in contact with DNA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".